George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four :: 1984 Essays

George Orwell is the pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, a British writer with political conscience. He was born in India but educated in England at Eton College. He served the Indian Imperial Police in Burma from 1922 to 1927. In sick health, he returned to Europe to live in poverty as a struggling writer. Orwell joined the Republican forces in the Spanish civil war, and wrote a chilling account of this experience. He went on to write many books, mostly autobiographical, and achieved successes as a brilliant writer. 2. SynopsisThe novel takes place in a theoretical and fictional dystopian totalitarian society. The story begins in London on April 4, 1984 after an atomic world war divides the world into three states. London is the capital of Oceania which is run by INGSOC(English Socialism). The controllers are called "The Party." The Party is divided into two sections, The Inner Party, and The Outer Party which are the "Rich" and the "middle-class." There is a third group of people called "The Proles," or "The Proletariat" which are the poor, and considered to be animals by the party. The main leader of this government is Big Brother. The novel is told in third person and partly first person, and is also divided into three parts. In the first part the main character and his conflicts with the world he lives in are revealed. Winston Smith is a bureaucrat who works for the government by altering history at the Ministry of Truth. He begins to ponder the reason things are so bad and commits a terrible crime. In the second part, he falls in love with Julia, and is taken in by a man named O'Brien, a member of the anti-party society called the Brotherhood. O'Brien turns out to be a true member of The Inner Party. Winston and Julia are captured and hauled off to the Ministry of Love (Minilove in Newspeak). Here, during the final part of the story, Winston is incarcerated and rehabilitated by The Party. O'Brien constantly tel ls Winston that Winston is crazy, and that he is trying to help him. During these sessions he reveals the true purposes of INGSOC. The party's goals can be summed up in their mottoes. "WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH(Orwell, 7)."3. ThemeUnder the rule of INGSOC, members of The Party are engrossed in their work. It is essential that the government keeps its people happy in order to avoid rebellions and "thought crimes.

African American History: A Close Up on Baptist Churches Essay

As you enter through the door on the first level of this San Francisco-based Baptist-rooted church, you become overwhelmed by the warm hug and kiss of Sister â€Å"What’s-her-name?† as she bold and kindly greets you, â€Å"Good morning! God bless you!† Walking up the stairs heading into the Worship Center, Brother and Sister â€Å"So and so† affectionately embrace you, just as an aunt or uncle would at a family function. In an instant, you are drawn in by the harmonious singing of the choir over the upbeat sounds of musicians playing the drums, keyboard, guitars, organ and tambourines. As you look around, you may not recognize everybody, but you sense a powerful family-like bondage. Although the love of Christ is all-inclusive to any and everyone, this non-exclusive church is predominantly African American in population. There is a noticeably implied bond which seems to be more genuine, the more melanin you contain. This tremendously impacts individuals within the congregational community. Why is it that the most segregated hour in America continues to be 11:00am Sunday morning? Research directs us towards clues on how church origins and U.S. history has and still is heavily influencing African Americans in the Modern Church of today. In James P. Eckman’s Exploring Church History he writes about the foundation of the church starting with the Apostolic Age, which began around 30 B.C. and immediately followed the death of Jesus Christ in the first century, through the modern church of the 21st century. Reviewing the timeline from the Apostolic Age (1st century) to the Church Fathers (95-300s), onto Ancient Church and Theology (4th century), following the Medieval Church (400-1500s), through the Reformation period and Catholic Church (16th century), to the Scientific Revolution (1600-1700s) onto the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century, we discover that many events influenced the building and forming of the â€Å"black church† in America. Tracing these events we can see a thread of the Christian Church trailing through European countries for several hundreds of years. In the latter of events above, we learn that Europeans began enslaving Africans and started to migrate over to a land that we now know as America. During the  developmental period of the first African American Churches in the 1700-1800s slavery was very prevalent in the United States. Henry H. Mitchell, author of Black Church Beginnings, predisposes how though enslaved Africans had their own religious traditions and practices, there were some overlooked factors that contributed to their fascination in Christianity which soon took route in the African American Society. He goes on to state that the typical West African town was a community of faith. The tribesmen generally assumed that if they lost a war to another tribe or nation, the god of the triumphant party ought to be included in their beliefs since the conquerors’ god was strong enough to grant them victory (Mitchell, page 33). He discusses how they found commonality between their expressive African culture and the unheard of, free expressiveness for whites in their churches. The Africans became more and more interested as they began interpreting the Bible for themselves and found parallels in traditional African religion. They were able to relate to the Old Testament stories [like the enslavement of Hebrews by the Egyptians] and saw hope in Moses and Jesus as mighty deliverers. The above mentioned were significant factors which ultimately led to African slaves placing their hope in â€Å"the white man’s† God and Bible: The Black church in America had its origins in the slave religion of the American South. Deprived of their identity, oppressed by their masters, and unable to establish their own institutions, many slaves turned to Christianity. Faith in Jesus Christ gave them hope for the future when His justice would right the wrongs done to them. (Eckman, page 98) Near the dawning of the formation of the original black churches in the 18th century, some slave masters allowed [or even required] slaves to attend church services with them. Others allowed monitored the worship services, however, they were plagued with fears of possible rebellion. Mitchell describes contrasts between liberal and oppressive slave masters. Some oppressive masters withheld knowledge of Christianity from slaves and beat or even killed those who began to worship God devotedly (Mitchell, page 33). Many, if not all, plantations held stealthy worship services in the woods, swamps or brushes. L. Maffly-Kipp describes, in her article â€Å"African American Religion in the Beginning†, how the slaves used symbolism that was not detectible by their captors. It’s as though Africans began to develop a secret society and reactively initiated exclusive churches. The underground services of worship were labeled as the â€Å"Invisible Institution† since they were invisibly held to the eyes of slave masters. Here the slaves began mixing the Christian faith with African rhythms and singing, which led to the formation of the Negro spirituals (Maffly-Kipp). Most spirituals contained two-folded meanings of worship and freedom. [From time to time, (especially in February or around January 15th) we’ll hear some of these old Negro spirituals in today’s predominantly black churches.] Maffly-Kipp infers as the Africans made their appeals of justice unto God, they were also organizing and planning escapes. According to Melva Wilson Costen, author of African American Christian Worship, the first African American church of record, founded in 1758 in Luneberg, VA, was called Bluestone African Baptist Church —owned mostly by slaves. The number of African American churches grew throughout the U.S. between the years of 1750-1800 (over 20 churches of record). Bluestone and subsequent black founded congregations contained partial white populations where they were outnumbered by blacks however Euro-American preachers, as controlling moderators, oversaw these churches. African Americans were not encouraged to lead the congregations (though many were considerably powerful preachers and potential leaders) nor were they allowed any voting privileges. The African American Church continued to evolve in the South and dominant denominations of Baptist and Methodist expanded nationally from 1841-1865. Leadership began to change as did laws towards the end of the 19th century, post the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, 1865 Abolition of Slavery (13th Amendment), 1868 Civil Rights (14th Amendment) and 1870 Voting Rights (15th Amendment). The early Black Church played a significant role in social activism by oratorical pressing towards the abolitionist movement, assisting  in the Underground Railroad, ministration in civic and social responsibility, and through slave insurrections. As Mitchell put it, â€Å"in the root culture of African Americans, nothing is excludable from the design and will of God† (page 138). [This is noteworthy; we’re able to see a continuum of legislative struggle against Africans throughout American history, in a way which the church is affected and involved.] In 1894, a pride-filled, yet rare, exception for African Americans occurred when the pastor of the first African Baptist Church was elected Moderator and Preacher of the Philadelphia Baptist Association. While racial discrimination took many blows, one civil case in Louisiana devastated the progression towards its elimination. In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled to enact the separate-but-equal principles in the famous Plessy v Ferguson case, disregarding equality while planting proliferate seeds of segregation throughout the nation (Records of Supreme Court). This ruling gravelly punctured the church as it promoted separation between Christians, which was contrary to the â€Å"Love thy neighbor as thyself† Christian teachings. As history reveals, for more than 50 years our national society was structured in such way to where the non-association between European Americans and minority races was the norm. After several years of social discomfort, the church began to take a stand against this legal inequality. In Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965 by Davis Houck and David Dixon a passion-filled recording of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speaking at a conference in Nashville, TN on April 25, 1957 is referenced (pages 217-224). We find Dr. King proclaiming his strong conviction of faith and declaring his hope in God for deliverance while attacking the moral issues of the Supreme Court’s decision made in the 1896 case. The revolutionary reverend, who led the Civil Rights Movement, charged the Christian Church with the responsibility of standing up against segregation and discrimination (Houck & Dixon, page 220), speaking to all Christians urging them to keep in mind that they answer to God and not the opinions of men. {In all my research, it was here that I saw the shift of focus from African American Christian Heritage to just Christian Heritage.} How difficult would it be for the masses to grasp this concept after hundreds of years of contradictory conditioning? We now live in an era postdating the Civil Rights Movement by more than 40 years; in a time where we [as a nation] elected our first African American president. In the most diverse area of the country (San Francisco), while we are starting to see more racially integrated churches in the Bay Area, 11:00am Sunday morning [for some reason] continues to be the most segregated hour across the U.S. Clearly these historical events continue to affect today’s African Americans within church communities and all people within congregational communities. What else can be concluded from this research? Old habits die hard. . Works Cited Ammerman, Nancy Tatom. Congregation & Community. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997. Print Costen, Melva Wilson. African American Christian Worship. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1993. Print. Eckman, James P. Exploring Church History. Wheaton: Crossway Books a division of Good News Publishers, 1996. Print. Houck, Davis W.; Dixon, David E. Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1965. Waco: Baylor University Press, 2006. CityCat.Web. March 3, 2010. Maffly-Kipp, L.. â€Å"African American Religion In the Beginning. † Mississippi Link 4 Feb. 2010,Ethnic NewsWatch (ENW). ProQuest. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Mitchell, Henry H. Black Chruch Beginnings: The Long-Hidden Realities of the First Years. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publising Company, 2004. Print. Records of the Supreme Court of the United States. â€Å"Plessy v Ferguson† OurDocuments.gov, May 18, 1896, Web. March 3, 2010

Organizational Issues In Criminal Justice - 1009 Words

In this new age of consciousness evoking the notion of progress and continuity with new ideas in the field of administration of justice is truly a remarkable phenomenon (Taylor, 2013). Overtime numerous theories have been posited regarding the causes of crime and deterring criminal behavior. However, little attention has been given to the law enforcement of social policy and government regulation. Meier (19877) suggests that one path toward addressing justice issues would be to strive for more adequate research; that is, to conduct studies which are not only methodologically sound, but also operationally comparable. At this present time, there is a great need for critical scholarship, research and learning models within the field of†¦show more content†¦In this particular case within the field of administration of justice, the lack of information and knowledge of white collar crime and consumer protection policy is carefully analyzed by dissecting the elements prevalent to criminological theory. Gottschalk (2016) paralleled social conflict theory with white collar crime suggesting that the powerful and wealthy in the upper class of society define what is right and what is wrong. Moreover, the rich and mighty people can behave like robber barons† because they make the laws and therefore, the ruling class does not consider a white collar offense as a regular crime, and certainly not similar to street crime (Gottshalk, 2016). Accordingly, this study focuses on financial and moral crimes, whereas social critical theory views financial crime as a function of the conflict that exists in society. Since frequently over one’s lifetime, individuals are called to make decisions that are economic in nature, therefore it is essential that they are equipped with the knowledge of concepts related to economics, law, financial and consumer education (Mupier, 1994). Discourse in the administration of justice argues that within the neo-liberal age, the administration of justice is geared toward efficiency (Williams, 2013; Braithwaite, 2000; Garland, 2007; Hudson, 1993; Simon, 2007;Show MoreRelatedCriminal Justice Trends Evaluation1581 Words   |  7 Pages394 WEEK 1 Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation John Doe CJA 394 October 01, 2001 Jane Doedy Criminal Justice Trends Evaluation The criminal justice system is forever adjusting to protect and serve a changing society. The paper evaluates, identifies and assesses recent future and current trends affecting the criminal justice system. Lastly, it defines the values of the system in a changing society. 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I would be Analyzing how the organizational, management, administration, and operational functions at these three organizational levels are similar or different and why. Also I would be identifying the leadership characteristics and responsibilities pertaining to each organizational level. Numerous police agency’s and police officials work on a distinctive local, state, and federalRead MorePolice Misconduct And Criminal Justice923 Words   |  4 Pageshave always had different issues within the police department. Most police executives try to find a quick fix in order to solve the issue of police misconduct. Police misconduct is defined as inappropriate action taken by police officers in relation with their official duties (Police Misconduct Law Legal Definition, n.d.). In order to solve this issue, one must acknowledge their different challenges, overcome the â€Å"code of silence†, and find out the role of organizational culture. Challenges Facing

This Way To The Gas versus On My First Son Essay - 858 Words

The short story, â€Å"This Way To The Gas, Ladies And Gentlemen† by Tadeusz Borowski and the poem â€Å"On My First Son† by Ben Johnson, both deal with death. They are very different types of death and are told in different ways but through some similar approaches, a similar feeling is portrayed to the reader of each. One of the first similarities of the two is that they are both told in the first person as well as being personal accounts. Ben speaks, as himself, about the death of his son and Borowski tells of events at a death camp that he was in during WWII. They both tell their stories through their own voices which adds a lot to the experience of reading. It allows the reader to except just how real the story is. Once the reader accepts†¦show more content†¦The realness and intimacy that the first-person voice gives us makes the reader more able to relate and understand the feelings and ideas being expressed. Both authors also set a mood with their writing to help the reader understand their feelings on the deaths occurring around them. Borowski set a mood that showed the numbness he developed surrounding death through his descriptions of the events occurring at the station. â€Å"The whip flies, the woman screams, stumbles, and falls under the feet of the surging crowd. Behind her, a child cries in a thin little voice ‘Mamele!’-a very small girl with black tangled curls.† (Borowski, 115) This quote seems almost as though Borowski is writing a report about the incident. Actions are simply listed. There is no obvious written feeling in it, even though what is being described is horrible. This shows his numbness to sights of horror and death. Johnson uses mood to show his view on death, which is much more sorrowful and passionate. â€Å"Farewell, thou child of my right hand, and joy; My sin was too much hope of thee, loved boy.† (Johnson, ln1-2) These lines clearl y set a mood of grief. Its expressed through the choice of words, like â€Å"Farewell†, and phrases like â€Å"too much hope of thee, loved boy†. There is one major difference surrounding death in the two pieces. Both authors have a different outcome on the way they view deaths. Borowski only remains numb to deaths for a small time. By the end,Show MoreRelated Turns and Twists in Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find1230 Words   |  5 Pagesis a useful tool for giving stories unexpected turns and twists. In Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find, irony is used as a very effective literary tool; to guide the story in and out of what we think will happen. OConnor uses irony in this story to contradict statements and situations to expose a truth very much different from what we the reader would think to be true. 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Beyond Katrina (Crisis Management) - 3204 Words

TAUBMAN CENTER POLICY BRIEFS P B - 2 0 0 6 - 2 | M a y 17, 2 0 0 6 Beyond Katrina: Improving Disaster Response Capabilities By Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. â€Å"Dutch† Leonard, Kennedy School of Government As Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma successively lashed the gulf coast starting in late August 2005, nature’s fury exposed serious weaknesses in the United States’ emergency response capabilities. Not all emergencies pose this magnitude of challenge. In the United States, the initial—and usually major—responsibility for disaster response rests with local authorities. This â€Å"bottom-up† system of emergency management has a long history and continues to make sense in most circumstances. Core Challenges for Large-Scale Disaster†¦show more content†¦Katrina was a crisis primarily because of its scale and the mixture of challenges that it posed, not least the failure of the levees in New Orleans. Because of the novelty of a crisis, predetermined emergency plans and response behavior that may function quite well in dealing with routine emergencies are frequently grossly inadequate or even counterproductive. That proved true in New Orleans, for example, in terms of evacuation planning, law enforcement, rescue activities, sheltering, and provisions for the elderly and inï ¬ rm. evacuation, making emergency repairs to the levees, and providing food and law and order in an unprepared shelter). These measures, born of necessity, may be quite different from or exceed in scale anything responders have done before. They must be creative and extremely adaptable to execute improvised tactics. Equipping organizations to recognize the novelty in a crisis and improvise skillfully is thus a far different (and far more difï ¬ cult) matter from preparing mainly to implement preset emergency plans. Scalability and Surge Capacity In many disasters, as Katrina well illustrated, responders must cope with far greater numbers of endangered people or more extensive damage than usual. 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Few organizations manage to do it well and the ones that manage to do it are few. In the past years, many corporations have failed with very few having attained success. Business and Management research has viewed organizational failure with no great regard to organizational success. Organizational failure is viewed with less significance or, as being complementary to research on the success of organizations. As reported by Ormerod (2005)

Case Study Tale of two airlines Free Solution Click Now

Question: Write a latter Tale of Two Airlines. Answer: To: Elizabeth Windsor Chief Executive Officer From Research Analyst Date: 21.06.2015 Re: Context line: Based on the case study of tale of two Airlines- London-based Airline and Atlanta-based Airline, the report is analyzed the essential contribution of the technological advancement for an organization. Due to technological deficiencies, passengers of the London based airline faced significant flight delays. Thus results cancellation of flights, angry passengers at terminal and so on. On the other hand, Atlanta Hartsfield, one of the nations busiest airports has faced many issues related general stress and pressure of all staff of airlines (Warren Macfarlan 2002). This report identifies substantial pressures and opportunities to accomplish long-term service for customers or recommended hostility through their performances. Action line: Airline service is completely depends on favorable weather. According to the case study, Professor McPherson faced several difficulties in the way of catching flights from Hartsfield Airport to reach the London based airport for his meeting. The bottom line of the case study is the expectation of what constitutes good service have enhanced dramatically. The airline flying to London was delayed due to bad weather, the efficient security services of the first class cabin crew members and un-integrated services by the airport authority with the pilot of the airline. To resolve all these identified problems, the new technologies require fundamental changes I training and attitudes. Recommendation shall be applied for several areas such as usage of electronic devises for improved security services, production line transformation as well as transformation of organization. Rest of the memo: To improve the service of the London-based Airline, the business environment needs to be changed. Here the passenger security check system needs to be transformed under to provide full security to their entire customer. To transform this weakness into the potential strength, the London based airport needs to ensure early warning of suspicious behavior by introducing the intrusion detection, monitoring equipment and security guarding responses (Warren Macfarlan 2002). Furthermore, an integrated database system needs to be developed. By using multiple, integrated technologies, the airport can detect intruders and can be possible to tract them in real time (Pierson and Sterman 2013). In the case study, Mr. Professor Roger was travelling within checking his bags and it was not detected by the existing security system. Therefore, the structure of the information system is highly desirable for providing high level customer service. There are many strategic issues have been identified in the case study, The London based airline needs must attend passengers diligently. This has been observed that no agent was in the sight to attend the air bridge detection. It indicates operational deficiencies which need to be improved. Making it happen seamlessly requires the integration of the wide technologies with the current database so that the management can take the prompt decision (Prokhorova and Chobitok 2016). Furthermore, the substandard customer service and behavior of the cabin crew members also needs to be improved. For instance, the Atlanta based airlines was provided the commendable services from the entry gate of the plan to the reach at the arrival destination. Here the Atlanta Airline has already made changed in training and attitudes however, the other one needs to be improved their services. Prior airline has already provided services as per customer demand such as serving drinks as per personal preferences , tight wireless communication with the airport authority and so on (Warren Macfarlan 2002). All these needs to be incorporated by the London based airline for better customer services under the changed and more integrated organizational culture. References: Pierson, K. and Sterman, J. (2013). Cyclical dynamics of airline industry earnings.System Dynamics Review, 29(3), pp.129-156. Prokhorova, V. and Chobitok, V. (2016). controlling in airline enterprises management system.pnau, 66(1). Warren Macfarlan, F (2002).Tale of Two Airlines in the Network Age: Or why the spirit of King Goerge III IS ALIVE AND WELL. 1st ed. Harvard business school.a

The Blind Man Essay Example For Students

The Blind Man Essay It will always be there as a pleasure and a burden. Society puts labels on everything as good or bad, rich or poor, normal or aberrant. Although some of these stamps are accurate, most of them are misconceptions. Shelley simply makes this known to the reader, so that they can see the error of their ways. Society is also very ignorant, as can be seen later on in the book, when they kill Justine because she is the only person that could have possibly have done such an evil act. They again wrongly label Justine as the killer. They do not look into the facts but instead find a quick and easy answer to the problem. This again shows the ignorance of society in this novel. The faults with Mary Shelleys society are again shown up by the one person who is not repulsed by the vile appearance of the monster a blind man. If society is so ignorant that not even a single person could look at the monster without taking violent action or running away in fright, Shelley is surely trying to tell us something that society is ignorant and there is nothing that can be done about it. We will write a custom essay on The Blind Man specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The old man is in the house the monster tries to find shelter in, and when at last he thinks he has found it, he has barely had time to make a conversation with the man before his children enter the cottage and start driving the monster away with a stick. The daughter is scared and flees the cottage, and it is the son who attacks the monster. At this point in the book, the monster has done nothing to deserve the title monster, yet he was given no name for him to be called otherwise. This is very inhumane, as people resorted to simply calling the monster, it. There is another form of nature, though, which also plays a large part in this novel, and that is the power of the natural world. Nature is presented as possessing an immense curative power; the beauty of the natural world heals Victor when he is too miserable to find solace anywhere else. Nature is very significant in this book, as large parts of it are devoted to describing the surrounding scenery and natural events, even when they are not beautiful the thunder burst at once with frightful loudness from various quarters of the heavens. Frankenstein takes pleasure in being close to nature, as you can see from the quote, as he finds even the most destructive of natures powers amazing, and thinks they are from heaven. The whole book obviously revolves around the monster, and he himself is a product of nature. Not only is any living thing automatically part of nature (and it is true to say that Frankensteins monster has been given a life), but also if it werent for nature he would never have been created in the first place. It is things like these which make us realise that even without mentioning nature, it still plays an essential part in the book. The flash of lightning from Victors childhood sparked off an immense compulsion to explore nature and science. From that point in his life he had a great yearning for knowledge and started reading books such as Paradise Lost, as well as books about the works of great scientists like Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus and Paracelsus. Here were men who had penetrated deeper and knew more. I took their word for all that they averred, and I became their disciple.